AN ANALYSIS OF MOOD AND SPEECH FUNCTION IN THE TONIGHT SHOW STARRING JIMMY FALLON TALK

: This study aimed to find out the Interpersonal meaning that appeared in a conversation through the analysis of the Mood and speech function employed by the host and the guest star in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon talk show. In analyzing the data, descriptive qualitative was used to interpret the data. The research findings showed that all of the Mood types were found in the conversation from the analysis. The frequency of occurrence of types of Moods was 308 declarative, 11 interrogatives, and 5 imperatives. Meanwhile, there were only 3 speech functions out of 4 types of speech functions along with the responses employed by the host and the guest star. The data showed that statements, followed by questions dominated the conversation, and the last was command. Besides, both participants mostly responded to the interlocutor's statements by giving acknowledgment or contradiction. The host and the guest star were actively taking turns to initiate giving – a demanding exchange by adopting a speech role and assigning a complementary one to the other. It showed that understanding interpersonal communication was not enough by only analyzing the lexicogrammar of the Mood and speech function through the constructed clauses in any discourse, but more in how the language could make meaning and maintain a relationship.


INTRODUCTION
The use of language in communication activities reflects the human nature of society that distinguishes it from other creatures. Language fulfills every aspect of human's life in undergoing their daily routines, for instance symbol, sign, or the oral speech; those belong to a language. The language is a communication practice mediated by a linguistic system (Fikri et Volume 7 No. 1. 2023| 10 al., 2014. Eggins and Slade (2004) illustrate that in the ordinary life of human beings, they constantly use language. The most common thing is that humans use language to communicate in everyday life.
As a part of social beings, one of the metafunctions of language that people commonly assume is interpersonal function. People use interpersonal meaning to communicate his/her motion, feeling, etc. (Amalia et al., 2018). These express the speaker or writer's judgments on or attitude to the content of the message. When two people gather, they communicate by producing sentences that consist of its meaning and structures. Speech functions in linguistics refer to a sentence's semantic aspect (meaning), while mood refers to lexicogrammar (structural form) aspect of interpersonal function (Lestari, 2019). Nisak and Ariyanti (2021) analyzed the employment of politeness methods and rhetorical devices. They found that Donald Trump usually employs Ethos in persuasion. This means the ex-president frequently reveals his good character to gain people's trust to influence people. Siregar (2021) also stated that speech function is a feature of language used by a speaker to specify their role (asking and demanding) and the subject matter or object being exchanged during a verbal interaction or discussion (information and goods & services). Speech function represents the speaker's attitude and judgment called moods.
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is an effective way to analyze language in semiotic terms. It classifies words according to their roles within the structure based on nontransformation generative grammar (Noor et al., 2015). The chief proponent of this theory is M.A.K. Halliday (2004). The focus is on the language functions regarding different contexts.
It provides applied orientations to linguistics study (Christie & Unsworth, 2000). Choice of words is highlighted as a meaning in the principle of Functional grammar (Noor et al., 2015).
The constituents of Mood analysis depict interpersonal metafunction of language.
Related to the issue, research about mood system and the speech function of the utterances in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon talk show was conducted. This talk show is not only interesting to be analyzed because it's packaged with all of the attractive segments and games that would entertain the audience, but it would be beneficial for us to have more knowledge about how language is thought to be shared and organized in relation to the mood system and the speech function employed by the host and the guest star. Center, New York City. On weeknights at 11:35/10:35c, the show airs. The program begins with Fallon's topical monologue, moves into comedy games and sketches, and ends with interviews with special guests and a musical performance.
The research focused on analyzing the mood system and the speech function employed by Jimmy Fallon as the host and Martin Short as the guest star in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon talk show. It focused on analyzing mood types based on Halliday's theory, which divided into three types; they are interrogative, imperative and declarative, and the speech function and the responses employed by the host and the guest star in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon talk show. The scope in this study is video of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon Season 9 Episode 185. The researcher chose this episode because it was the episode with the most viewers during the last few months from June 2022 to October 2022.
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon attracted high ratings from its 2014 debut.
Many episodes' moments have generated popular videos. Nine Primetime Emmy Awards were nominated for the program, and it ended up winning two of them. The program's success cannot be separated from Jimmy Fallon's skillful communication skills and good sense of humor in bringing the talk show program. Hence this object was taken as the research object because Jimmy Fallon is one of the hosts with great interpersonal communication skills. A great sense of humor as a stand-up comedian, which is proven by his award and nominations such as the American Comedy Awards, Primetime Emmy Awards, Critics' Choice Television Awards and many more with 50 award and nominations in total, so we could learn how to maintain social relationship through conversation while understanding the language through the constructed of mood system and speech function employed by the host and the guest star. The research areas would be focus on the mood system and speech function employed by Jimmy Fallon as the host and Martin Short as the guest star throughout the show.
There have been several studies conducted on cooperative concepts. The first previous study is Fauzi (2013). There are two aims for this thesis. First, to identify the rights and responsibilities in "Twitter's terms of service" according to mood type. Second, it seeks to identify the speech functions that rights and responsibilities are realized in each provision of "Twitter's terms of service." It is concluded that declaratives dominated rights of terms as mood types, and all of them used statements as their primary speech function. Additionally, declaratives were frequently used in the mood types and speech functions of responsibilities, whereas imperatives were frequently used in the mood types and speech functions of commands.
It demonstrates that, despite the fact that Twitter's terms of service primarily call for giving information rather than demanding service and responsibilities.
International 2020 was chosen to analyze the realization of speech functions and mood system.
In order to gather the data, a number of procedures were used, including non-participatory observation, media selection, subject classification, and literature reviews. Qualitative approaches were used to analyse and report the data. It was obvious that among the other finalists, the Malaysian finalist produced the most offers. Guatemala's finalist generally carried out the command. The most produced statements in the finals came from Malaysia and Indonesia. Most of the questions were produced by Malaysia's and Argentina's finalists. Argentina's finalist adopted a polar interrogative. Additionally, the finalist from the Czech Republic produced the most of imperatives. As a result, the statement of speech functions was congruent with declarative of mood system. Likewise, command showed the congruency of imperative..
Additionally, from the research under topic speech in the pageant, someone's culture from the speech pattern, accents, vocabulary, and dialect can be analyzed. Furthermore, implementing speech can be used as an alternative in the English classroom to build students' confidence and improve their public speaking skill. Short speaking, people speak according to the context. Context, including the cultures, govern the people's speeches (Ginting, 2010;Sinaga, 2020;Arvelia et al., 2022), providing information to clarify or explain the meaning of speech or text. Additionally, it also helps to identify the tone, intent, and perspective of the speaker or writer, which can greatly influence how the message is received by the audience or reader.
Nguyen and Lim (2022) They have investigated into the mood and function of speech in a script for a movie, but the proper approach is still required. Then, the most effective method for analyzing movie scripts is functional grammar. A section of Functional Grammar deals with the interpersonal meaning, commonly known as "Mood". At the same time, readers must take into account speech function in addition to mood analysis while analyzing spoken language, particularly film scripts. As may be seen from the description, the writer is interested in undertaking study to analyze the "Raya and the Last Dragon" script.
As previous research has shown, there is still a need to fill in the gap by analyzing interpersonal meaning in a conversation not only the lexicogrammar form but also the interpersonal meaning through the analysis of mood system and speech function employed by

METHOD
Using qualitative approach, the authors study the types of Mood and speech function employed by the host and the guest star in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon talk show. Fraenkel et al., (2012) mention that qualitative research is referred to research studies investigating the quality of relationships, activities, situations, or materials are frequently. The descriptive qualitative research design data can be words, phrase, clauses, sentences, discourse, text, lyrics, or video. Meanwhile, this study analyzed the form of clauses in Jimmy Fallon's utterances. Using descriptive method, the data were analyzed by identifying the mood types Documentary technique was the best approach for this study. Documentary is the process of reading, studying, and analyzing a study to gather the necessary data. The following procedures were used to gather the data: Downloading the videos and scripts from the NBC TV Network, watching the video of season 9 episode 185 of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, reading the full sentences from the scripts, identifying the clauses of utterances, separating the clauses of utterances, administering the data or inventorying them into a table, and the final step is recoding the existing data.
After collecting data, the data were analyzed using the ethnographic analysis model of Spradley (1980) as stated in Wijaya (2018). Ethnography is a methodology based on direct observation. There were four steps of ethnographic data: domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, and cultural theme analysis (Wijaya, 2018).
First, the domain analysis was carried out to find general information from the object under study, which includes the genres in the talk show and the participants involved in it. Second, taxonomic analysis was used to describe the selected domain in more detail and find its internal structure. The main variables being studied were the mood system and speech function as well as the responses given by the interactant. Third, componential analysis was carried out by looking for a causal relationship between the studied elements. This step classified the utterances from the host and guest star at each stage based on Mood and speech function.
Lastly, cultural themes analysis was conducted to find relationships between domains, and how they relate to one another after being analyzed componential. The results of the research were interpreted based on interpersonal communication theory.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This part discusses the findings from this research which consist of two research questions, namely (1)  After being transcripted, the conversations are determined by what types of mood and speech function they belong to. Each result of the research will be explained in detail as follows.

Mood Types
The finding of research showed that there were three types of Moods found in the conversation between Jimmy Fallon as the host and Martin Short as the guest star in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon talk show. Those are declarative, imperative, and interrogative.
From the data analysis that has been done, the researcher found that there were 343 clauses in the conversation. Declarative Mood has been found most frequently in the data analyzed. 308 /343 clauses are declarative moods indicating that the communicated information is very strong and factual. The Declarative Mood fulfills the said demand. Most of the Declarative clauses of the data are about the success of the film series starred by Martin Short, who received many Emmy nominations. The conversation also talks about the personal experiences of both the host and guest stars which are packaged in a story telling game stage. The second most found Mood type is Interrogative. This clause reinforces the force of other declarative and imperative Mood clauses. The last one is Imperative clauses. Imperative clauses present absence of the Subject and begin directly with the processes. This clause configuration expresses a command or request.
The classifications of clauses are divided into the declarative mood; the host produced 181 declaratives; the guest star produced 127 declaratives, in interrogative mood; the host produced 8 interrogatives; the guest star produced 3 interrogatives, and imperative mood; the host produced 4 imperatives, and the guest star produced only 1 imperative. To ease the understanding, the mood types found in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon talk show can be shown in the table 1.

Table 1. Mood Types
From the data, it could be seen the number of clauses produced by the host and the guest star in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon talk show. It was clear that the most dominant mood type in the conversation between Jimmy Fallon and Martin Short on the talk show is the declarative mood followed by the interrogative mood and the last is the imperative mood. The following are the extracts of each Mood example found in the conversation.

Declarative
Declarative refers to something that reveals facts, provides a clear explanation, or describes something that makes a formal declaration. It can be used as a statement with the purpose of providing information. The following is the example found in the conversation.

Extract 1:
Jimmy: I want to congratulate you and Steve, You're both Emmy nominated for "Only murders in the building".
The conversation takes place in the minute of 20.05. This is one of the declarative spoken by Jimmy Host as bridging to the main topic they would talk about. Jimmy congratulated Martin on his success acting in one of the film series entitled "Only murders in the building" where the film received many Emmy awards. This clause is indentified as declarative because the mood structure consists of Subject for the first, followed by Finite.

Extract 2:
Martin: I was at mar-a-lago during the big FBI raid.
The conversation takes place at 18.07 minutes. This is one of the declarative spoken by the guest, in which he initiates the conversation by providing information that the host did not ask for. This clause identified as declarative, because the guest star tried to give an information to the host.

Host
Guest Declarativ e 181 127 Interrogati ve 8 3 Imperative 4  1 Even though the number of declarative employed by Jimmy Fallon is a bit higher than Martin Short, which means that the host provides more information to the guest stars, but all speakers produced a high number of declarative. This showed that in conversations, both managed to build intimate interpersonal communication, as both the host and the guest contribute to the exchange of moods during the show.

Interrogative
Interrogative is a sort of indicative, because Finite and Subject make up the mood structure.
In a discussion, an interrogative is a question or a request that the speaker directs to the

Extract 4:
Martin: What did you mean by that? What is that mean?
The conversation takes place in the minute of 17.28. The conversation happened when the guest star directly asked the host a thing Jimmy had ever said, and the guest star asked what he meant by that statement. It can be identified as interrogative, as is is used for demanding information.
As we know, the host is a person who is usually in control of a talk show, which is characterized as a person who gives a lot of questions to guest stars. Surprisingly, in this conversation, the results show that the number of interrogative sentences Jimmy uses tends to be small. On the other hand, Martin Short as the guest star also seemed not to hesitate to ask questions to the host. Even though the number of questions asked by the host is slightly larger than the guest star, it can be assumed that the conversation was not only about Jimmy Fallon asking questions as the host. Martin Short answering questions as a guest star, but they position Volume 7 No. 1. 2023 | 17 themselves as friends in a conversation where no one is higher up or dominates from the other.

Jimmy Fallon tried not to intimidate the guest star by giving him question over question.
Imperative Imperative is about a command from speaker to the listener to do something needed by speaker where the answer is commonly yes/no. Based on the observation in transcription, the researcher finds the following result.

Extract 5:
Jimmy: Go ahead and press the button.
The conversation takes place in the minutes of 24.10 and 28.25. The last mood type that is least used is imperative. The host only used the imperative when he explained the storytelling games that will be played with the guest star. Jimmy Fallon invited Martin Short to start the first round as he was the guest star. And extract 6 is the only imperative sentence used by Martin Short as a guest star when inviting Jimmy Fallon to start the game in the last round.
From the examples above, it can be concluded that both have the same control in that storytelling game stage.

Speech function and responses
From the conversations that have been analyzed, there were three speech functions out of 4 types of speech functions along with the responses employed by the host and the guest star.
The data showed that the conversation was dominated by statements, with a total of 164 from the host and 110 from the guest star, 8 questions from the host, 3 questions from the guest star, 4 command from the host, and there was only 1 command from the guest star. The data could be seen in the table 2. In responding speech function in the conversation between Jimmy Fallon and Martin Short, the researcher also found the following result:

Table 3. Responses
From the data, it could be seen that the both participants mostly respond to the statements of the interlocutor by giving acknowledgment or contradiction. The host gave acknowledgment 17 times to the guest star, and 4 contradictions, while the guest star gave acknowledgment to the host's statements 16 times, gave a contradiction 1 time, undertook command once, and answered questions from the host 8 times. Each example of the speech function and the response given will be in the following:

Statement
The purpose of a statement as a speaking act is to present information. The speaker uses this speech function to convey ideas or to ensure and receive information. The assertion may be positive or negative. As a listener, people may respond by giving acknowledgment or contradiction in return. The following are some examples and the responses given: The conversation takes place in the minute of 20.12. This is one of the statements given by Jimmy Fallon praising the success of his guest star in the latest film series he has starred in, and Martin Short did not try to deny this statement, he responded by confirming the statement given by Jimmy Fallon.

Extract 8:
Martin: We do hang out, because we're not just fake show business friends, we're fake friends in real life Jimmy: We really are.
The conversation takes place in the minute of 17.36. In the conversation, Martin Short also stated his close relationship with Jimmy Fallon. They are not only friends in the industry, but also in their real life. From the response given, Jimmy Fallon seemed agree with the statement.
This means that the statement is an actual fact. The conversation took place in the minute of 22.02. In the conversation, Jimmy Fallon asked about a recently aired film scene from the film series "Only murders in the building", and Martin Short answered the question by providing new information about the story behind that scene.

Command
Command is a way to receive information, goods or services by forcing the listener to give them. A command is used to get things done or obtain goods or services. In responding command, people may undertake or refuse it. Here is the example with the response given: In contrast, Interrogative Mood also reflects how individuals interact with one another in consideration of their social status and functions. (Noor et al., 2015).
By looking at the mood structure, clause by clause that has been analyzed, the researcher found out how the conversation proceeds as a series of exchanges. It began with greetings, where Jimmy Fallon invited Martin Short as his guest to enter the stage, and then started by an opening of a proposition, initiated by Martin Short as the guest star who praised Jimmy Fallon as host, and expressed how excited he was to come as a guest on the talk show.
Martin Short also stated that Jimmy Fallon was not only his friend in the industry, but in real life as well. This sequence was terminated by Jimmy Fallon, who acknowledged the guest star's statement. The dialogue could be seen in the table 4.
Volume 7 No. 1. 2023 | 22 In the next conversation, Jimmy   In the act of speaking, the speaker adopts a particular speech role for himself, and in so doing assigns to the listener a complementary role that he wishes to adopt in his turn (Halliday et al., 2014). It means, in asking a question, a speaker is taking on the role of a seeker of information and requiring the listener to take on the role of supplier of the information demanded. Thus, knowing the speech role in a conversation is essential in order to understand better, avoid misunderstanding and create meaningful interpersonal communication.
According to Halliday & Matthiessen (2014), the speaker is not only doing something himself but also requiring something of the listener. Typically, an 'act' of speaking is something that might more appropriately be called an interaction: it is an exchange, in which giving implies that they did not only carry out message transactions but also maintained a relationship. Like all interactants, they were taking turns in this interactive process, each time adopting a speech role and assigning a complementary one to the other. Moreover, they also respected each other by paying attention to when they have to speak and give responses to the others. This is in line with what has been stated by Hartati (2015),

Clauses Mood types
Speech Function It is time for "Short stories", We're going to take turns hitting this button here, which will generate a random topic, We'll each other tell a short story from our lives about that topic. Martin since you're the guest, you will go first.
Go ahead, and press the button!

CONCLUSION
From the analysis that has been done, all of the Mood types were found in the conversation, and there were only 3 speech functions out of 4 types of speech functions along with the responses employed by the host and the guest star. Both were actively taking turns to initiate the exchange in their conversation. It was clear that to be able to apply interpersonal communication, knowing the speech role in a conversation is essential, remembering that interaction is an exchange, in which giving implies receiving, and demanding means giving in response. Apart from the role given, Jimmy Fallon and Martin Short seemed to succeed in making the show more natural by showing the audience that they were equal in the conversation. It indicated that they understood the purpose of interpersonal communication itself was not only to carry out message transactions but more likely to maintain a relationship.
It is expected that the research findings from this study would contribute both theoretical and practical value. Practically speaking, this research can advance linguistics, especially in terms of mood types and speech functions in a conversation. For students studying the program English department can be used as a reference to increase their understanding of mood types and speech function. Theoretically, the research has the potential to add to the theory of mood types and speech function related to discourse analysis and serve as a reference for these concepts.
This study might need deeper analysis due to the limitation of time and knowledge so that the following suggestions are addressed for those with the same interest in this field.
Understanding interpersonal communication is not enough by analyzing the lexicogrammar of the Mood and speech function through the constructed clauses in any discourse, but more in how the language can make meaning and maintain a relationship. Last, the other researchers should conduct the research with more than one type of video, so that the data gained is more complex and give more examples of interpersonal communication in any role and situation.